
C1 = I x tON
'V0.3A x 3.72 Ps
2.0V
== 0.56 PF
15
LM5008
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The ripple due to C2’s capacitance is 90° out of phase from the ESR ripple, and the two numbers do not add
directly. However, this calculation provides a practical minimum value for C2 based on its ESR and the target
spec. To allow for the capacitor’s tolerance, temperature effects, and voltage effects, a 15-µF, X7R capacitor
is used.
c. In summary: The above calculations provide a minimum value for C2 and a calculation for R3. The ESR is
just as important as the capacitance. The calculated values are guidelines, and should be treated as starting
points. For each application, experimentation is needed to determine the optimum values for R3 and C2.
C = I × Δt / ΔV (9)
RCL:When a current limit condition is detected, the minimum off-time set by this resistor must be greater than the
maximum normal off-time which occurs at maximum VIN. Using Equation 4, the minimum on-time is 0.47 µs,
yielding a maximum off-time of 3.99 µs. This is increased by 117 ns (to 4.11 µs) due to a ±25% tolerance of the
on-time. This value is then increased to allow for:
The response time of the current limit detection loop (400 ns).
The off-time determined by Equation 5 has a ±25% tolerance.
tOFFCL(MIN) = (4.11 µs + 0.40 µs) × 1.25 = 5.64 µs (10)
Using Equation 5, RCL calculates to 264 kΩ(at VFB = 2.5 V). The closest standard value is 267 kΩ.
D1: The important parameters are reverse recovery time and forward voltage. The reverse recovery time
determines how long the reverse current surge lasts each time the buck switch is turned on. The forward voltage
drop is significant in the event the output is short-circuited as it is only this diode’s voltage which forces the
inductor current to reduce during the forced off-time. For this reason, a higher voltage is better, although that
affects efficiency. A good choice is an ultra-fast power diode, such as the MURA110T3 from ON Semiconductor.
Its reverse recovery time is 30 ns, and its forward voltage drop is approximately 0.72 V at 300 mA at 25°C. Other
types of diodes may have a lower forward voltage drop, but may have longer recovery times, or greater reverse
leakage. D1’s reverse voltage rating must be at least as great as the maximum VIN, and its current rating be
greater than the maximum current limit threshold (610 mA).
C1: This capacitor’s purpose is to supply most of the switch current during the on-time, and limit the voltage
ripple at VIN, on the assumption that the voltage source feeding VIN has an output impedance greater than zero.
At maximum load current when the buck switch turns on, the current into pin 8 will suddenly increase to the lower
peak of the output current waveform, ramp up to the peak value, then drop to zero at turnoff. The average input
current during this on-time is the load current (300 mA). For a worst case calculation, C1 must supply this
average load current during the maximum on-time. To keep the input voltage ripple to less than 2 V (for this
exercise), C1 is calculated with Equation 11.
(11)
Quality ceramic capacitors in this value have a low ESR which adds only a few millivolts to the ripple. It is the
capacitance which is dominant in this case. To allow for the capacitor’s tolerance, temperature effects, and
voltage effects, a 1.0-µF, 100-V, X7R capacitor will be used.
C4: The recommended value is 0.01 µF for C4, as this is appropriate in the majority of applications. A high-
quality ceramic capacitor, with low ESR is recommended as C4 supplies the surge current to charge the buck
switch gate at turnon. A low ESR also ensures a quick recharge during each off-time. At minimum VIN, when the
on-time is at maximum, it is possible during start-up that C4 will not fully recharge during each 300-ns off-time.
The circuit will not be able to complete the start-up, and achieve output regulation. This can occur when the
frequency is intended to be low (for example, RON = 500 K). In this case C4 should be increased so it can
maintain sufficient voltage across the buck switch driver during each on-time.
C5: This capacitor helps avoid supply voltage transients and ringing due to long lead inductance at VIN. A low-
ESR, 0.1-µF ceramic chip capacitor is recommended, placed close to the LM5008.