For price, delivery, and to place orders, please contact Maxim Distribution at 1-888-629-4642,
or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com.
General Description
The MAX4480–MAX4483 low-cost, general-purpose op
amps offer Rail-to-Rail®outputs, draw only 50µA of quies-
cent current, and operate from a single +2.5V to +5.5V
supply. For additional power conservation, the MAX4481
offers a low-power shutdown mode that reduces supply
current to 0.5µA (max) and puts the amplifier’s output in a
high-impedance state. These devices are unity-gain sta-
ble with capacitive loads up to 400pF. The MAX4480–
MAX4483 are specified to +125°C, making them suitable
for use in a variety of harsh environments, such as auto-
motive applications.
The MAX4480 is a single amplifier offered in a tiny 5-pin
SC70 package. The MAX4481 is a single amplifier with
a low-power shutdown mode that reduces supply cur-
rent to <0.5µA and comes in a 6-pin SC70 package.
The MAX4482 is a dual amplifier and comes in the
space-saving 8-pin SOT23 package. The MAX4483 is a
quad amplifier and comes in a 14-pin TSSOP package.
All devices are specified for operation across the -40°C
to +125°C automotive temperature range.
Applications
Single-Supply Zero-Crossing Detectors
Instruments and Terminals
Portable Communications
Electronic Ignition Modules
Infrared Receivers
Sensor Signal Detection
Features
♦Single +2.5V to +5.5V Supply Voltage Range
♦50µA Quiescent Current per Amplifier
♦0.5µA (max) Shutdown Mode (MAX4481)
♦Available in Space-Saving Packages
5-Pin SC70 (MAX4480)
6-Pin SC70 (MAX4481)
8-Pin SOT23 (MAX4482)
♦105dB AVOL with 5kΩLoad
♦0.005% THD with 100kΩLoad
♦Rail-to-Rail Output Voltage Swing
♦3.0mA of Sink and Source Load Current
♦Unity-Gain Stable up to CLOAD = 400pF
MAX4480–MAX4483
Single/Dual/Quad, Low-Cost, Single-Supply,
Rail-to-Rail Op Amps with Shutdown
________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products 1
IN+
IN-
1
2
3
5
4OUT
VSS
VDD IN+
IN-
1
2
3
6
5
4OUT
SHDN
VSS
VDD
MAX4480 MAX4481
SC70-5/SOT23-5 SC70-6/SOT23-6
19-1809; Rev 1; 1/01
Pin Configurations
Selector Guide
MAX4481 1Yes
MAX4482 2No
MAX4483 4No
Rail-to-Rail is a registered trademark of Nippon Motorola, Ltd. Pin Configurations continued at end of data sheet.
No1MAX4480
PART NO. OF AMPLIFIERS
PER PACKAGE
SHUTDOWN
MODE
Ordering Information
PART TEMP. RANGE
PIN-
PACKAGE
TOP
M ARK
MAX4480AXK-T -40°C to +125°C5 SC70 ABU
MAX4480AUK-T -40°C to +125°C5 SOT23 ADPJ
MAX4481AXT-T -40°C to +125°C6 SC70 AAN
MAX4481AUT-T -40°C to +125°C6 SOT23 AAOS
M A X4 4 8 2 AKA- T -40°C to +125°C8 SOT23 AAEJ
MAX4482ASA -40°C to +125°C8 SO —
MAX4482AUA -40°C to +125°C8 µMAX —
MAX4483ASD -40°C to +125°C14 SO —
MAX4483AUD -40°C to +125°C14 TSSOP —
MAX4480–MAX4483
Single/Dual/Quad, Low-Cost, Single-Supply,
Rail-to-Rail Op Amps with Shutdown
2 _______________________________________________________________________________________
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(VDD = +5V, VSS = 0, VCM = 0, VOUT = VDD/2, RL≥1MΩconnected to VDD/2, SHDN = VDD (MAX4481 only), TA= +25°C, unless
otherwise noted.)
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional
operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to
absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
Power-Supply Voltage (VDD to VSS) .........................-0.3V to +6V
All Other Pins ...................................(VSS - 0.3V) to (VDD + 0.3V)
Output Short-Circuit Duration
(OUT shorted to VSS or VDD)................................. Continuous
Continuous Power Dissipation (TA= +70°C)
5-Pin SC70 (derate 3.1mW/°C above +70°C)............. 247mW
6-Pin SC70 (derate 3.1mW/°C above +70°C)..............245mW
5-Pin SOT23 (derate 7.1mW/°C above +70°C)............571mW
6-Pin SOT23 (derate 8.7mW/°C above +70°C)............696mW
8-Pin SOT23 (derate 9.1mW/°C above +70°C)............727mW
8-Pin µMAX (derate 4.5mW/°C above +70°C) ............ 362mW
8-Pin SO (derate 5.88mW/°C above +70°C)............... 471mW
14-Pin TSSOP (derate 9.03mW/°C above +70°C) .......727mW
14-Pin SO (derate 8.33mW/°C above +70°C)............. 667mW
Operating Temperature Range .........................-40°C to +125°C
Junction Temperature ........................................................150°C
Storage Temperature Range .............................-65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300°C
Output Short-Circuit Current
SHDN = VDD or VSS (MAX4481 only)
MAX4481 only
VDD = 5.0V
MAX4481 only
Device in shutdown mode, SHDN = VSS,
VSS < VOUT < VCC (MAX4481 only)
VDD = 2.5V
Sinking
Inferred from PSRR test
Sourcing
Specified as
VOUT - VSS
2.5V ≤VDD ≤5.5V
VSS ≤VCM ≤VDD - 1.3V
Specified as
VDD - VOUT
Inferred from CMRR test
Differential or common mode
SHDN = VSS (MAX4481 only)
(Note 1)
dB
(Note 1)
VSS + 0.02V ≤VOUT
≤VDD - 0.03V
CONDITIONS
kHz
140
GBWGain-Bandwidth Product
nA
±0.001 ±1 ±500
IIL, IIH
SHDN Input Current
V
0.7 ✕VDD
VIH
SHDN Logic High
V
0.3 ✕VDD
VIL
SHDN Logic Low
µA
±0.01 ±0.1
IOUTSHDN
Shutdown Mode Output Leakage
17 mA
3
ISC
830
mV
1
VOL
Output Voltage Low
80 150 mV
4
VOH
Output Voltage High
110
50 100
RL= 100kΩ
µA
45
IDD
V
2.5 5.5
VDD
Supply Voltage Range
Supply Current per Amplifier
82 92
PSRRPower-Supply Rejection Ratio
dB
71 86
CMRRCommon-Mode Rejection Ratio
V
VSS VDD - 1.3
VCM
Input Common-Mode Voltage
Range
MΩ
1000
RIN
Input Resistance
µA
0.05 0.5
ISHDN
Supply Current in Shutdown
mV
±1 ±5.5
VOS
Input Offset Voltage
pA
±0.1 ±100
IB
Input Bias Current
pA
±0.1 ±100
IOS
Input Offset Current
UNITS
MIN TYP MAX
SYMBOLPARAMETER
RL= 100kΩ
RL= 5kΩ
RL= 100kΩ
RL= 5kΩ
VSS + 0.10V ≤VOUT
≤VDD - 0.20V 94 105
dBAVOL
Large-Signal Voltage Gain
RL= 5kΩ
MAX4480–MAX4483
Single/Dual/Quad, Low-Cost, Single-Supply,
Rail-to-Rail Op Amps with Shutdown
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 3
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
(VDD = +5V, VSS = 0, VCM = 0, VOUT = VDD/2, RL≥1MΩconnected to VDD/2, SHDN = VDD (MAX4481 only), TA= +25°C, unless
otherwise noted.)
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(VDD = +5V, VSS = 0, VCM = 0, VOUT = VDD/2, RL≥1MΩconnected to VDD/2, SHDN = VDD (MAX4481 only), TA= -40°C to +125°C,
unless otherwise noted.) (Note 2)
Note 1: Guaranteed by design.
Note 2: Specifications are 100% tested at TA= +25°C (exceptions noted). All temperature limits are guaranteed by design.
Phase Margin φM70 degrees
Input Current Noise Density in1fA/√Hz
Capacitive-Load Stability CLOAD 400 pF
Shutdown Delay Time tSHDN 0.4 µs
Enable Delay Time tEN 12 µs
Power-On Time tON 15 µs
Input Capacitance CIN 2.0 pF
THD %
0.005
Settling Time to 0.1% tS50 µs
MAX4481 only
f = 10kHz
f = 1kHz, VOUT =
2Vp-p, AV= +1V/V
AV= +1V/V
MAX4481 only
VOUT = 2V step
PARAMETER SYMBOL MIN TYP MAX UNITSCONDITIONS
RL= 100kΩ
Total Harmonic Distortion
Input Voltage Noise Density en100 nV/√Hz
f = 10kHz
Gain Margin 30 dB
Slew Rate SR 80 V/ms
Input Offset Voltage Drift TCVOS ±3 µV/°C
Output Voltage Low VOL Specified as VOUT - VSS, RL = 5kΩ50 mV
mV
200
Specified as VDD - VOUT, RL= 5kΩVOH
Output Voltage High
Large-Signal Voltage Gain AVOL VSS + 0.1V ≤VOUT ≤VDD - 0.20V, RL= 5kΩ84 dB
µA
1
SHDN = VDD or VSS (Note 1) (MAX4481 only)
IIL, IIH
SHDN Input Current
SHDN Logic High VIH MAX4481 only 0.7 ✕VDD V
V
0.3 ✕VDD
MAX4481 onlyVIL
SHDN Logic Low
±0.5
dB
77
2.5V ≤VCC ≤5.5VPSRRPower-Supply Rejection Ratio
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio CMRR VSS ≤VCM ≤VDD - 1.4V 67 dB
V
VSS VDD - 1.4
Inferred from CMRR testVCM
Input Common-Mode Voltage
Range
Input Offset Current IOS (Note 1) ±100 pA
pA
±100
(Note 1)IB
Input Bias Current
Input Offset Voltage VOS 9mV
Supply Current per Amplifier IDD 120 µA
V
2.5 5.5
Inferred from PSRR testVDD
Supply Voltage Range
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
-40°C to +85°C
Shutdown Mode Output Leakage IOUTSHDN
Device in shutdown
mode, SHDN = VSS,
VSS < VOUT < VCC
(MAX4481 only) ±2.5
µA
+85°C to +125°C
Supply Current in Shutdown ISHDN SHDN = VSS, (MAX4481 only) 1.0 µA
MAX4480–MAX4483
Single/Dual/Quad, Low-Cost, Single-Supply,
Rail-to-Rail Op Amps with Shutdown
4 _______________________________________________________________________________________
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
110 1k 1M100k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
100 10k
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
GAIN AND PHASE
vs. FREQUENCY (NO LOAD)
MAX4480 toc01
GAIN
(dB)/PHASE
(d
egrees
)
AVCL = +1000V/V
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
110
GAIN AND PHASE
vs. FREQUENCY (CL = 400pF)
MAX4480 toc02
FREQUENCY (Hz)
GAIN (dB)/PHASE (degrees)
100 1k 1M100k10k
AVCL = +1000V/V
MAX4480 toc03
10 1k100 10k 100k 1M
POWER-SUPPLY REJECTION RATIO
vs. FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY (Hz)
PSRR (dB)
10
-110
-90
-10
-30
-50
-70
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1000
1 10 100 1k 10k 100k
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
vs. FREQUENCY
0.1
MAX4480 toc4
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE (Ω)
10
0.01
1
100
1M
40
-40 0 40 80
-20 20 60 100 120
SUPPLY CURRENT vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX4480 toc05
TEMPERATURE (°C)
SUPPLY CURRENT (µA)
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60 VSHDN = VSS
10
-40 0 40 80-20 20 60 100 120
MAX4481
SHUTDOWN SUPPLY CURRENT
vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX4480 toc06
TEMPERATURE (°C)
SUPPLY CURRENT (pA)
1
100
1k
10k
100k
-40 0 40 80-20 20 60 100 120
MAX4481
OUTPUT LEAKAGE CURRENT
vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX4480 toc07
TEMPERATURE (°C)
ILEAK (pA)
VSHDN = VSS
VOUT = VDD/2
10
1k
10k
100k
1000k
100
-1500
-1000
-500
500
0
1000
1500
-40 0 40 80-20 20 60 100 120
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE
vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX4480 toc08
TEMPERATURE
(
°C
)
VOS (µV)
80
70
50
40
90
100
-40 0 40 80-20 20 60 100 120
OUTPUT VOLTAGE SWING HIGH
vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX4480 toc09
TEMPERATURE (°C)
VDD - VOUT (mV)
RL = 5kΩ to VDD/2
60
Typical Operating Characteristics
(VDD = +5V, VSS = 0, VCM = VDD/2, VSHDN = 5V, RL≥1MΩconnected to VDD/2, TA= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
MAX4480–MAX4483
Single/Dual/Quad, Low-Cost, Single-Supply,
Rail-to-Rail Op Amps with Shutdown
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 5
4
7
8
9
10
11
-40 0 40 80-20 20 60 100 120
OUTPUT VOLTAGE SWING LOW
vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX4480 toc10
TEMPERATURE (°C)
VOUT - VSS (mV)
RL = 5kΩ to VDD/2
5
6
-90
-82
-80
-40 0 40 80-20 20 60 100 120
COMMON-MODE REJECTION RATIO
vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX4480 toc11
TEMPERATURE (°C)
CMRR (dB)
-88
-86
-84
80
105
115
110
85
120
125
130
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.51.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.5
LARGE-SIGNAL GAIN
vs. OUTPUT VOLTAGE
MAX4480 toc12
VOUT (V)
GAIN (dB)
RL = 5kΩ to VDD/2
90
100
95
90
95
100
105
110
-40 0 40 80-20 20 60 100 120
LARGE-SIGNAL GAIN
vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX4480 toc13
TEMPERATURE (°C)
GAIN (dB)
RL = 5kΩ to VDD/2
-40 0 40 80-20 20 60 100 120
MINIMUM OPERATING VOLTAGE
vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX4480 toc14
TEMPERATURE (°C)
VDD (MIN)
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.9
1.8
2.0
1.0
1.1
10 1k100 10k 100k
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
PLUS NOISE vs. FREQUENCY
MAX4480 toc15
FREQUENCY (Hz)
THD + N (%)
100
10
0.1
1
RL = 5kΩ
VOUT = 2Vp-p
AV = +1
BW = 30kHz
0.001
0.01
10 1k100 10k 100k
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
PLUS NOISE vs. FREQUENCY
MAX4480 toc16
FREQUENCY (Hz)
THD + N (%)
100
0.001
RL = 100kΩ
VOUT = 2Vp-p
AV = +1
BW = 30kHz
10
1
0.01
0.1
VIN (Vp-p)
THD + N (%)
100
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
PLUS NOISE vs. INPUT AMPLITUDE
MAX4480 toc17
0213
RL = 5kΩ
f = 1kHz
BW = 22kHz
0.001
0.01
1
0.1
10
100
0 1.00.5 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
PLUS NOISE vs. INPUT AMPLITUDE
MAX4480 toc18
VIN (Vp-p)
THD + N (%)
RL = 100kΩ
f = 1kHz
BW = 22kHz
Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
(VDD = +5V, VSS = 0, VCM = VDD/2, VSHDN = 5V, RL≥1MΩconnected to VDD/2, TA= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
MAX4480–MAX4483
Single/Dual/Quad, Low-Cost, Single-Supply,
Rail-to-Rail Op Amps with Shutdown
6 _______________________________________________________________________________________
Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
(VDD = +5V, VSS = 0, VCM = VDD/2, VSHDN = 5V, RL≥1MΩconnected to VDD/2, TA= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
CAPACITIVE-LOAD STABILITY
20
0
1k 10k 100k
5
MAX4480 toc19
RESISTIVE LOAD (Ω)
CAPACITIVE LOAD (nF)
10
15
AV = +1V/V
TA = +25°C
RL // CL
STABLE
REGION
UNSTABLE
REGION
NONINVERTING SMALL-SIGNAL
TRANSIENT RESPONSE
MAX4480 roc20
20µs/div
AV = 1V/V
RL = 5kΩ
IN
50mV/div
OUT
NONINVERTING LARGE-SIGNAL
TRANSIENT RESPONSE
MAX4480 roc21
100µs/div
AV = 1V/V
RL = 5kΩ
IN
1V/div
OUT
0
10
5
20
15
25
0 200 300100 400 500 600
PERCENT OVERSHOOT
vs. CAPACITIVE LOAD
MAX4480 toc22
CLOAD (pF)
OVERSHOOT (%)
POSITIVE
OVERSHOOT
NEGATIVE
OVERSHOOT
0
20
10
40
30
50
60
0231 456
SUPPLY CURRENT vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE
MAX4480 toc24
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
SUPPLY CURRENT (µA)
V
OUT
= V
DD
/2
20
50
40
80
70
60
110
100
90
120
10 1k100 10k 100k 1M
CHANNEL-TO-CHANNEL ISOLATION
vs. FREQUENCY
MAX4480 toc23
FREQUENCY (kHz)
CHANNEL-TO-CHANNEL ISOLATION (dB)
30
MAX4480–MAX4483
Single/Dual/Quad, Low-Cost, Single-Supply,
Rail-to-Rail Op Amps with Shutdown
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 7
Pin Description
Detailed Description
Rail-to-Rail Output Stage
The MAX4480–MAX4483 can drive a 5kΩload and still
typically swing within 80mV of the supply rails. Figure 1
shows the MAX4480 output voltage swing configured
with AV = +10V/V.
Driving Capacitive Loads
Driving a capacitive load can cause instability in many
op amps, especially those with low quiescent current.
The MAX4480–MAX4483 are unity-gain stable for a
range of capacitive loads to above 400pF. Figure 2
shows the MAX4480 response with an excessive
capacitive load. Adding a series resistor between the
output and the load capacitor (Figure 3) improves the
1V/div
100µs/div
Figure 1. Rail-to-Rail Output Operation
MAX4483
MAX4482
MAX4480 MAX4481
IN+——1Noninverting Amplifier Input1
OUTC
OUTD
VDD
SHDN
INC-
IND-
OUT
OUTA
OUTB
VSS
IN-
INA-
INB-
IND+
INC+
INB+
INA+
NAME
8
14
4
—
9
13
—
1
7
11
—
2
6
12
10
5
3
PIN
—
—
8
—
—
—
—
1
7
4
—
2
6
—
—
5
3
Amplifier Output C——
Amplifier Output D——
Positive Supply. Use a 0.01µF bypass capacitor to GND.65
Active-Low Shutdown Input. Connect to VDD for
normal operation. Do not leave floating.
5—
Inverting Amplifier Input C——
Inverting Amplifier Input D——
Amplifier Output44
Amplifier Output A——
Amplifier Output B——
Negative Supply. Connect to ground for single-supply
operation. Use a 0.01µF bypass capacitor to GND.
22
Inverting Amplifier Input33
Inverting Amplifier Input A——
Inverting Amplifier Input B——
Noninverting Amplifier Input D——
Noninverting Amplifier Input C——
Noninverting Amplifier Input B——
Noninverting Amplifier Input A——
FUNCTION
MAX4480–MAX4483
Single/Dual/Quad, Low-Cost, Single-Supply,
Rail-to-Rail Op Amps with Shutdown
8 _______________________________________________________________________________________
circuit’s response by isolating the load capacitance
from the op amp’s output.
Applications Information
Shutdown Mode
The MAX4481 features a low-power shutdown mode.
When SHDN goes low, the supply current drops to
0.05µA (typ) and the output enters a high-impedance
state. Pull SHDN high to enable the amplifier. Do not
leave SHDN floating. Figure 4 shows the shutdown
waveform.
Power-Up
The MAX4480–MAX4483 outputs typically settle within
50µs after power-up. Figure 5 shows the output voltage
on power-up and power-down.
Power Supplies and Layout
The MAX4480–MAX4483 operate from a single +2.5V to
+5.5V power supply. Bypass the power supply with a
0.1µF capacitor to ground.
Good layout techniques optimize performance by
decreasing the amount of stray capacitance at the op
amp’s inputs and outputs. To decrease stray capaci-
tance, minimize trace lengths by placing external com-
ponents close to the op amp’s pins.
Chip Information
MAX4480/MAX4481 TRANSISTOR COUNT: 111
MAX4482 TRANSISTOR COUNT: 209
MAX4483 TRANSISTOR COUNT: 407
20µs/div
50mV/div
CL = 1nF
RISO
CL
MAX4480
MAX4481
MAX4482
MAX4483
Figure 3. Capacitive-Load-Driving Circuit
400µs/div
2V/div
RL = 10MΩ TO VSS, CL = 25pF
Figure 4. Shutdown Waveform
4µs/div
OUT
1V/div
VDD
2V/div
Figure 5. Power-Up/Down Waveform
Figure 2. Small-Signal Transient Response with Excessive
Capacitive Load
MAX4480–MAX4483
Single/Dual/Quad, Low-Cost, Single-Supply,
Rail-to-Rail Op Amps with Shutdown
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 9
6
SOT23-8/SO/µMAX
TSSOP/SO
VSS
OUTA
INA+
1
2
3
4
8
INB-
5INB+
7OUTB
INA-
VDD
OUTA
INA+
INB+
OUTB
INB-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
IND+
INC+
INC-
OUTC
IND-
OUTD
INA-
VDD VSS
MAX4483
MAX4482
Pin Configurations (continued)
Package Information
SC70, 5L.EPS
MAX4480–MAX4483
Single/Dual/Quad, Low-Cost, Single-Supply,
Rail-to-Rail Op Amps with Shutdown
10 ______________________________________________________________________________________
Package Information (continued)
SC70, 6L.EPS
SOT23, 8L.EPS
MAX4480–MAX4483
Single/Dual/Quad, Low-Cost, Single-Supply,
Rail-to-Rail Op Amps with Shutdown
______________________________________________________________________________________ 11
Package Information (continued)
SOT5L.EPS
6LSOT.EPS
Package Information (continued)
8LUMAXD.EPS
MAX4480–MAX4483
Single/Dual/Quad, Low-Cost, Single-Supply,
Rail-to-Rail Op Amps with Shutdown
12 ______________________________________________________________________________________
Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are
implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time.
13 ____________________Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600
© 2001 Maxim Integrated Products Printed USA is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products.
Single/Dual/Quad, Low-Cost, Single-Supply,
Rail-to-Rail Op Amps with Shutdown
MAX4480–MAX4483
Package Information (continued)
TSSOP,NO PADS.EPS
